張競/中華戰略學會資深研究員
近日美國與印度關係因為關稅貿易談判難以妥協嚴重惡化，諸多政治觀察家咸信新德里將會透過試圖改善其與北京關係，展現其絕對不輕易屈服於美國施壓。其實此種推論與猜想，多半都是屬於感性臆斷，但卻缺乏確切證據，足以證明龍象互動關係能夠改善到相擁共舞地步。
而此時在8月18日至19日中國大陸政治局委員、中共中央外事辦主任兼外交部長王毅，因為8月19日將與印方特別代表印度國家安全顧問多瓦爾(Shri Ajit Doval)共同主持，在新德里所舉辦中印邊界問題特別代表第24次會晤，因此順勢出訪印度；並於8月18日先行會晤印度外長蘇杰生(S. Jaishankar)，雙方並進行會談。8月19日邊界問題會晤後，印度總理莫迪(Narendra Modi)並於總理府會見王毅。
對比中國大陸與印度外交部就王毅出訪印度所發布新聞稿，其實就可看出雙方在外交擂臺角力交鋒時，遣辭用字都是極度謹慎，並且儘量保持高度透明，北京與新德里雙方仍然充滿戒心。
中國大陸外交部分別以「王毅與印度外長蘇杰生會談」、「中印舉行邊界問題特別代表會晤」、「中印外長會談達成10項成果」、「印度總理會見王毅」以及「中印邊界問題特別代表會晤達成10點共識」為題，從19日至20日共計發出五份新聞稿。反觀印度外交部則是在19日分別以[Visit of Foreign Minister of China to India ( August 18-19, 2025)]、[Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi calls-on PM Narendra Modi]以及[Visit of China's Foreign Minister and Special Representative on the India-China boundary question]為題，共計發出三份新聞稿。
不過依據中國大陸外交部所發出「中印外長會談達成10項成果」以及「中印邊界問題特別代表會晤達成10點共識」兩份新聞稿中所列出項目，對比印度外交部的新聞稿所列出雙方所同意項目，顯然雙方外交成果帳目就存在落差內容亦有所出入。
針對中印邊界問題特別代表第24次會晤，中國大陸外交部列出下述十點共識：
一、雙方積極評價兩國領導人喀山會晤以來在落實領導人重要共識方面取得的進展，認為自第23次特代會晤以來中印邊境地區一直保持和平安寧。
二、雙方重申維護邊境地區和平安寧的重要性，強調通過友好協商妥處有關問題，以促進中印關係整體發展。
三、雙方同意從兩國關係大局的政治角度出發，按照2005年兩國簽署的政治指導原則協定，尋求公平合理和雙方均能接受的邊界問題解決框架。
四、雙方同意在中印邊境事務磋商和協調工作機制（WMCC）框架下設立劃界專家小組，探討在條件成熟的地段推進劃界談判。
五、雙方同意在中印邊境事務磋商和協調工作機制框架下設立工作小組，推進邊境有效管控，維護邊境地區的和平與安寧。
六、除邊境西段既有的將軍級會談外，在邊境東段和中段設立將軍級會談機制，並盡快舉行新一輪西段將軍級會談。
七、雙方同意發揮外交軍事渠道的邊境管控機制作用，先就有關原則、方式達成一致，推動降溫緩局和管控進程。
八、雙方就跨境河流合作交換意見，同意發揮兩國跨境河流專家級機制作用，就續簽相關跨境河流報汛諒解備忘錄保持溝通。中方同意基於人道主義原則，同印方分享相關河流的應急水文信息。
九、雙方同意重開仁青崗－昌古、普蘭－貢吉、久巴－南加三處傳統邊境貿易市場。
十、雙方同意2026年在中國舉行第25次特代會晤。
但依據印度外交部新聞稿所列項目，表述架構就有所出入：
The two sides spoke positively of the progress made in the implementation of the important leader-level consensus in Kazan. The two sides shared the view that peace & tranquility has been maintained in the India-China border areas since the 23rd SR Talks. They reiterated the importance of maintaining peace and tranquillity in the border areas to promote overall development of the India-China bilateral relationship.
Under the strategic guidance of the leaders of the two countries and in a positive and constructive spirit, the two sides had a candid and in-depth exchange of views on India-China boundary question, and the two SRs agreed on the following:
1. The need to take a political perspective of the overall bilateral relationship while seeking a fair, reasonable and mutually acceptable framework for settlement of the boundary question in accordance with the Agreement on Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for Settlement of the India-China Boundary Question signed in 2005.
2. Setting up an Expert Group, under the Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs (WMCC), to explore Early Harvest in boundary delimitation in the India-China border areas;
3. Setting up a Working Group, under the WMCC, to advance effective border management in order to maintain peace and tranquillity in India-China border areas
4. Creation of General Level Mechanisms in Eastern, and Middle Sectors, in addition to the existing General Level Mechanism in Western Sector, and holding an early meeting of the General Level Mechanism in the Western Sector.
5. Use the border management mechanisms at diplomatic and military levels to carry forward the process of border management, and discuss de-escalation, beginning with the principles and modalities thereof.
The two sides also agreed to hold the next round of the SR Talks in China at a mutually convenient time.
針對雙方外長會晤，中國大陸外交部列出下述十點成果：
一、雙方強調，兩國領導人的戰略引領對中印關係發展發揮著不可替代的重要作用。雙方認為，一個穩定、合作、前瞻性的中印關係有助於充分釋放雙方發展潛力，符合雙方共同利益。雙方進一步認為，要認真落實兩國領導人達成的重要共識，推動中印關係持續健康穩定發展。
二、中方歡迎印度總理莫迪出席即將舉行的上海合作組織天津峰會。印方重申全力支持中方擔任上合組織輪值主席國工作，期待上合組織天津峰會圓滿成功，取得豐碩成果。
三、雙方同意相互支持辦好主場外交活動。中方支持印方主辦2026年金磚國家領導人會晤。印方支持中方主辦2027年金磚國家領導人會晤。
四、雙方同意探討重啟各類政府間雙邊對話交流機制，加強合作並照顧彼此關切，妥善管控分歧。雙方同意2026年在印度舉行中印高級別人文交流機制第三次會議。
五、雙方同意繼續相互支持，辦好2025年中印建交75周年系列紀念活動。
六、雙方同意盡早恢復中國內地和印度直航航班，同時修訂兩國民航運輸協定。雙方同意為兩國從事旅遊、商務、媒體等活動的人員雙向來往提供簽證便利。
七、雙方同意2026年繼續開展印度香客赴中國西藏自治區神山聖湖朝聖並擴大規模。
八、雙方同意採取具體措施為兩國經貿投資流動提供便利。
九、雙方同意通過友好協商，共同維護邊境地區和平安寧。
十、雙方同意弘揚多邊主義，加強在重大國際地區問題上的溝通，維護以世界貿易組織為核心、以規則為基礎的多邊貿易體制，推動世界多極化，捍衛發展中國家利益。
但印度外交部針對其外長會談成果新聞稿，所列項目就變成下列12點：
1. Both sides underscored that the strategic guidance of the leaders of India and China plays an irreplaceable and crucial role in the development on India-China relations. They agreed that a stable, cooperative and forward-looking relationship between India and China is in the mutual interest of the two countries to realize their development potential fully. They further agreed that both sides should earnestly implement the important common understandings reached between the two leaders and promote sustained, sound and steady development of India-China relations.
2. Chinese side welcomed Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s attendance at the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Summit to be held in Tianjin. Indian side reaffirmed its full support to China’s SCO Presidency, and looked forward to a successful SCO Summit with fruitful outcomes.
3. Both sides agreed to support each other in hosting successful diplomatic events. Chinese side will support India in hosting the 2026 BRICS Summit. Indian side will support China in hosting the 2027 BRICS Summit.
4. Both sides agreed to explore and resume various official bilateral dialogue mechanisms and exchanges, to enhance cooperation and address each other’s concerns and properly manage differences, including holding the Third Meeting of the India-China High-level Mechanism on People-to-People Exchanges in India in 2026.
5. Both sides agreed to continue supporting each other in holding events in 2025 to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between India and China.
6. Both sides agreed to resume direct flight connectivity between Chinese mainland and India at the earliest, and finalize an updated Air Services Agreement. They also agreed on the facilitation of visas to tourists, businesses, media and other visitors in both directions
7. Both sides agreed to continue and further expand the scale of the Indian pilgrimage to Mt. Kailash / Gang Renpoche and Lake Manasarovar / Mapam Yun Tso in Tibet Autonomous Region of China starting 2026.
8. The two sides exchanged views on trans-border rivers cooperation and agreed to give full play to the role of India-China Expert Level Mechanism on Trans-border Rivers and keep communication on renewal of the relevant MoUs. The Chinese side agreed to share hydrological information during emergency situations based on humanitarian considerations.
9. Both sides agreed to the re-opening of border trade through the three designated trading points, namely Lipulekh Pass, Shipki La Pass and Nathu La Pass.
10. Both sides agreed to facilitate trade and investment flows between the two countries through concrete measures.
11. Both sides agreed to jointly maintain peace and tranquility in the border areas through friendly consultations.
12. Both sides agreed to uphold multilateralism, enhance communication major international and regional issues, maintain a rules-based multilateral trading system with WTO at its core, and promote a multipolar world, that safeguards the interest of developing countries.
其實認真對比後，發現印度外交部在雙方外長會談成果所列出第8點與第9點，其實就是中國大陸外交部在中印邊界問題特別代表第24次會晤所達成第8點與第9點共識；究竟是印度外交部官員將績效從邊界問題特別代表刻意改列在外交部長帳目下，抑或是北京外交部談判官員在紀錄時登載錯誤，其實就辦理涉外事務一字興邦亦是一字喪邦，再以中國大陸與印度雙方國力規格來說，產生此種內容落差，並且對外公布在新聞稿內，簡直就是不可思議難以想像。
同時北京方面在公布雙方外長會談成果第7點，僅以“神山聖湖”四字加以表述，但新德里外交官員則是毫不含糊地明白列出Mt. Kailash / Gang Renpoche以及Lake Manasarovar / Mapam Yun Tso。當然就中印邊界問題特別代表第25次會晤時間，北京非常明確地列出2026年，但新德里就相對滑頭地以“the next round of the SR Talks”以及“a mutually convenient time”含混帶過。就從這些細微末節來看，雙方外交官員素質讓人懷疑，幕僚工作協調核對紀錄確實不夠認真，外交辭令文書處理更是存在改進空間。
最後就要提到今年7月19日由國務院總理李強在西藏林芝，所高調正式宣布開工之雅魯藏布江下游水電工程；儘管西方國家政府、智庫與媒體如獲至寶地認為又是個能夠挑撥離間北京與新德里雙邊關係議題，同時亦確實引發環保團體與生態組織積極關注，更有印度政治人物趁機炒作此事。但從前述雙方會晤所獲共識與成果來說，顯然新德里政府官員並未將此視為雙方關係障礙與爭議。就算印度外交部新聞稿提及蘇杰生曾就此工程對王毅表達關切，其實已經證明新德里對此並無任何異議與著力空間，只是嘴上還是不肯鬆口。
中國大陸與印度存在結構性矛盾關係，雙方都是搬不走鄰居，關係雖有起伏，倒還不至於輕易失控，總是存在改善跡象，不過若要到達水乳交融龍象共舞地步，恐怕還是過分樂觀。
※以上言論不代表梅花媒體集團立場※
